IC697MDL671
：/，QQ：1982497648
摘要:人类的经济活动已经到了工业经济时代,对电气设备的稳定运行具有更高的要求。因此,采取相应的故障诊断措施,提前发现设备故障,提高电气设备运行的可靠性迫在眉睫。应该兼顾理论和实际,通过采取各种监测及判断措施,发现破坏性的故障;预防功能性故障的发展,来提高电气的可靠性。
关键词:故障诊断的目的、特征状态量及监测、一些特殊电磁量及诊断方。
一、前言:
人类的经济活动已经到了工业经济时代,并正在转入高新技术产业迅猛发展的时期,这就对电气设备的稳定运行具有更高的要求。它对现代通讯、电子仪器、计算机、工业自动化、电力工程、及某些高新技术提供高质量、高效率、高可靠性的电源起着关键作用。因此,采取相应的故障诊断措施,提前发现设备故障,提高电气设备运行的可靠性迫在眉睫。
现今电气设备的使用范围广泛,涉及领域繁复,应用种类多样,如果没有相对应的诊断方法是无法确保电气设备的可靠性的。因此应该兼顾理论和实际,通过采取以下各种监测及判断措施,来提高电气的可靠性。
二、故障诊断的目的及产生故障的原因
1.故障诊断的目的是“识别现状、预测未来”。
2.故障包括:①使设备立刻丧失其功能的破坏性故障;②降低设备功能的但没有完全丧失功能的功能性故障;③人为的误操作停车故障。
三、设备状态量及监测
1.状态量的分类及采集
1.1.运行状态量: 如表1所示为电气运行中的各种状态量。
1.2状态量的采集方法:检查、测量、检测 、监测
2.常用于诊断的监测技术
2.1电流分析法:监测负载电流幅值、波形并进行频谱分析,可诊断出电机的转子绕组断条、气隙偏心、定子绕组故障、转子不平
衡等缺陷。
定子电流检测诊断断条的原理:理论上,定子电流的频率是单一的,即电源频率。
特征:边频分量随负载增加而增加;随故障程度加重而加重。
2.2振动诊断:对振动信号进行信号处理和分析
2.3绝缘诊断:对设备的绝缘结构、工作性
能和是否存在缺陷做出判断,并对绝缘剩余寿命作出预测
2.4温度诊断:对设备各部分温度进行检测或红外测试
2.5振声诊断:对诊断的对象同时采集振动信号和噪声信号。
3.各种电力设备可用于诊断的输入/输出的电量。
3.1避雷器:工作电压下流过避雷器的电流及其变化。
3.2电磁式电压互感器:工作电压下的励磁电流及其变化
3.3耦合电容器:工作电压下流过绝缘的电流I0及工作电压下的噪音干扰。
3.4三相电容型设备:工作电压下每相流过绝缘的电流I0和三相选频电压U0值
3.5电力变压器及电机:电压、电流(空载励磁电流、负载电流、不对称电流等)、频率、有功及无功功率等。
四.一些特殊电磁量及诊断方法
1.轴电压:运行时转轴两端的电位差。设计和正常运行的电机设备其值很小。
当电机设计、调整存在问题,电机出现故障的情况时,电机往往会出现较高的轴电压,轴电压产生的原因通常有:磁通脉动,通常由磁路不对称或磁场畸变引起;单极效应;电容电流等因素。轴电压含有交流分量、直流分量和高频分量,必须进行频谱分析。
2.负序不对称电流 :出现可能原因有:①三相负荷不对称;②发生不对称故障;
3.电气试验测量结果:对试验结果的分析与判断能发现可能存在的电气故障隐患。
4.感应电势的微分探测
采用微分探测线圈,安装在定转子间气隙或固定于定子槽内,由于探测线圈的感应电势正比于转子各槽漏磁密波的微分,从感应电势波形图可以判断对应各槽有无匝间短路。
五、振动与故障的关系
对于旋转机械,异常振动是机械内部缺陷的表征。旋转机械的大部分故障都可以从振动中表现出来。
低频振动时 振动体的振动强度与位移成正比
中频振动时 振动强度与速度成正比(电机振动的主要频率范围)
高频振动时 振动体的振动强度与加速度成正比。
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