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六、声音与故障的关系
1.电力变压器的异常声响
根据异常情况的不同,发生异常的原因主要有:
1.1声音均匀持续,但比平时明显增大。
电网发生单相接地或谐振过电压、变压器过负荷,使变压器电流过额定值。
1.2声音比平时增大,且有明显杂音。
紧固部件如内部夹件、铁芯压紧螺钉松动,在电磁应力下引起硅钢片共振,使振动增强。
1.3声音中夹杂“劈啪”的放电声或不均匀的爆裂声。
多是由于绕组或引出线对外壳闪络放电,接地不良或未接地的金属部件发生静电放电,变压器内部绝缘击穿,产生严重放电。此时应立即停运并通知检查。
1.4声音中有像水沸腾的“咕嘟”声。
变压器内部发生匝间短路或分接开关接触不良,造成局部严重过热,使油温急剧升高沸腾。必须立即退出运行进行检修。
2.其它电气设备的异常声响。
2.1电压互感器的声音异常
电压互感器中有游离放电、静电放电等原因引起听得见的“噼啪、咝”之类声音;因螺栓、螺帽等的松动引起的共振声,等。
2.2电流互感器的声音异常
当电流互感器开路时,会发出比正常时大得多的“嗡嗡”声。
2.3绝缘子的电晕放电声
端子金具上突出部分的电晕放电,被污染的绝缘表面产生的沿面放电会发出可听得见的声音,还有其它如绝缘子、套管的龟裂和内部缺陷等原因
七、温度与故障的关系
当电气设备内部存在短路性故障时,就会在局部产生温度的急剧升高,形成所谓的局部异常温升。
1.铁心过热点
1.1早期特征是铁心的涡流和局部区域的温度过高。
1.2可通过红外热成像准确测量。
2.绕组局部过热点
2.1电机和变压器的绕组由于匝间短路、股线断裂造成内部放电,因绝缘磨损造成局部漏电流增大,导致局部过热是较常见的故障。其先兆是局部温升高,出现绝缘分解的异味等。
2.2局部过热的测量主要有:分布测点温度测量(如热电偶、光纤温度传感器)、红外热成像、绝缘分解物监测等手段。
3.变压器绝缘油油温异常
3.1导致变压器油温异常的原因主要有:
3.1.1变压器内部故障引起的发热剧增,发热不平衡,油循环死角。
变压器绕组的匝间短路、线圈的放电、铁芯论文联盟Www.LWlm.com及夹件的环流、内部引线接头发热乃至铁芯起火等都引起变压器温度异常增高。
3.1.2冷却装置散热不正常。
冷却装置运行不正常或发生故障,如潜油泵停运、风扇损坏、散热管道积垢不畅、散热器冷却效果差等都引起温度升高。
3.2监测手段:变压器顶层油温计指示变压器上层的油温。
4.绝缘端子过热
4.1主要原因:当端子连接不良时,就会发生过热使端子变色,绝缘寿命缩短。
4.2监测手段:
4.2.1采用红外线测温计检测发热情况。
4.2.2热成像仪检测热分布情况。
八、结论
电气设备实行状态检修是电力系统发展的需要。以上的一些诊断方法是在学和实践中结出来的,希望能够对电气设备实行状态检修的开展与实施有所帮助。
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