柱塞泵一般分为单柱塞泵、卧式柱塞泵、轴向柱塞泵和径向柱塞泵。
单柱塞泵
结构组成主要有偏心轮、柱塞、弹簧、缸体、两个单向阀。柱塞与缸体孔之间形成密闭容积。偏心轮旋转一转，柱塞上下往复运动一次，向下运动吸油，向上运动排油。泵每转一转排出的油液体积称为排量，排量只与泵的结构参数有关。
卧式柱塞泵
卧式柱塞泵是由几个柱塞（一般为3个或6个）并列安装，用1根曲轴通过连杆滑块或由偏心轴直接推动柱塞做往复运动，实现吸、排液体的液压泵。它们也都采用阀式配流装置，而且大多为定量泵。煤矿液压支架系统中的乳化液泵一般都是卧式柱塞泵。
乳化液泵用于采煤工作面，为液压支架提供乳化液，工作原理靠曲轴的旋转带动活塞做往复运动，实现吸液和排液。
轴向柱塞泵（英文名：Piston pump）是活塞或柱塞的往复运动方向与缸体中心轴平行的柱塞泵。轴向柱塞泵利用与传动轴平行的柱塞在柱塞孔内往复运动所产生的容积变化来进行工作的。由于柱塞和柱塞孔都是圆形零件，加工时可以达到很高的精度配合，因此容积效率高
直轴斜盘式柱塞泵分为压力供油型和自吸油型两种。压力供油型液压泵大都是采用有气压的油箱，靠气压供油的液压油箱，在每次启动机器之后，必须等液压渍箱达到使用气压后，才能操作机械。如液压油箱的气压不足时就启动机器，会对液压泵内的与滑靴造成拉脱现象，出会造成泵体内回程板与压板的非正常磨损。
径向柱塞泵可分为阀配流与轴配流两大类。阀配流径向柱塞泵存在故障率高、效率低等缺点。国际上70、80年代发展的轴配流径向柱塞泵克服了阀配流径向柱塞泵的不足。由于径向泵结构上的特点，固定了轴配流径向柱塞泵比轴向柱塞泵耐冲击、寿命长、控制精度高。变量行程短泵的变量是在变量柱塞和限位柱塞作用下，改变定子的偏心距实现的，而定于的*偏心距为 5—9mm（根据排量大小不同），变量行程很短。且变量机构设计为高压操纵，由控制阀进行控制。故该泵的响应速度快。径向结构设计克服了如轴向柱塞泵滑靴偏磨的问题。使其抗冲击能力大幅度提高。
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